Значение by в русском языке

• 0 used to show the person or thing that does something -- указывает на деятеля, передается твор. падежом, реже род. падежом

  • She was examined by a doctor.

  • The building had been destroyed by fire.

  • a painting by Van Gogh

• 1 through doing or using something -- указывет на средство, передается твор. падежом

  • Can I pay by cheque?

  • I sent it by email.

  • We'll get there by car.

  • [ + doing sth ] Open the file by clicking on the icon.

• 2 holding a particular part of someone or something -- за

  • She grabbed me by the arm.

• 3 near or next to something or someone -- рядом, у, около

  • I'll meet you by the post office.

  • A small child stood by her side.

• 4 not later than a particular time or date -- к

  • Applications have to be in by the 31st.

• 5 according to -- по

  • By law you must be eighteen to purchase alcohol.

• 6 past -- мимо

  • He sped by me on a motorcycle.

• 7 used to show measurements or amounts -- на, за

  • twelve by ten metres of floor space

  • Interest rates have been increased by 0.25%.

  • I'm paid by the hour.

  • Copies have sold by the million.

• 8 as a result of an accident/chance/mistake, etc -- по случайности/ошибке и т. д.

  • I went to the wrong room by mistake.

• 9 during the day/night -- днем/ночью

• 10 used in particular phrases to mean 'gradually' or 'in units of' -- день ото дня/ понемногу/по одному

  • Day by day he grew stronger.

• 11 past -- мимо

  • A motorcycle sped by.