And it might seem plausible that holding this belief unreflectively is less than fully rational, and deliberately refraining from subjecting it to critical scrutiny a violation of one's epistemic duties.
Self-control may be characterized as accepting some short-term deprivation (as in refraining from an addictive drug) and thereby obtaining some larger, long-term good (health and well-being).
In this context, efficient production hinged on the tenant/sharecropper refraining from various acts such as: abandoning the land, altering crop rotations, and removing manure and straw from the land.
Were we not free in refraining from neglect of our duty, our supererogatory actions would not have this double merit.
First-order reasons are reasons for action or reasons for refraining from action.
Some suspect that moral obligations to the patient extend only to refraining from the former, not the latter.
For example, a woman may obviously plan to have, and actually have, intercourse while refraining from using contraceptives in order to have a desired baby.
The questions also concerned their reasons for being vaccinated and their arguments for refraining from vaccination.
