0 an insect in the stage of development after it has been a larva and before it becomes an adult, during which it is contained in and protected by a hard covering and does not move: --
Successive seasons are linked through the surviving number of over-wintering larvae or pupae or, in the case of pink bollworm, individuals emerging from diapause.
The number of predators surviving at the end of experiment and their transformation into subsequent-instar larvae or encased pupae (for sciomyzid larvae) were also considered.
These had high variances but there was no evidence of any difference between the survival probabilities of male and female pupae.
The aggressive reaction by residents decreases rapidly allowing parasites to break open opercula and extract larvae and pupae without disturbance.
Three days after the emergence of new adults, the total number of pupae and empty pupal cases on all leaves of every plant were recorded.
Thus, if pupae are found near the crown of trees, the standardized cocoon height value should be close to one.
The figures in parentheses represent the predicted or observed number of day-degrees accumulated by larvae/ pupae since the start of the investigation.
The independence of site and depth for combined counts of prepupae and pupae from each spring-summer period at each site was tested by log-linear analysis.
