Exempel på pupa

• In ground beetles, a complete life cycle from egg to larva to pupa to adult takes one year.

• Fireflies survive in soil through the winter, turn into pupae in spring, then emerge in summer as winged adults.

• She monitors the butterflies as they emerge from their pupae.

• The picture shows a pupa case, where caterpillars transform themselves into moths.

• Each counting area was 1 cm2 and all whitefly eggs and pupae within the area were counted.

• Critical stages of mortality were egg and larva during the rainy season and larva and pupae during the dry season.

• The ability to store male pupae for some time before emergence and irradiation provides a useful degree of flexibility in operational programmes.

• The pupae collected from each of the cultures were placed in clean plastic containers and adults were provided with 20% honey-water as food upon emergence.

• The glass jars were placed in an environmental growth chamber maintained under the same conditions as described for pupae, and held until adult emergence.

• Up to eight weeks after treatment, no pupae were recorded in any of the three treatments.

• The independence of site and depth for combined counts of prepupae and pupae from each spring-summer period at each site was tested by log-linear analysis.

• The figures in parentheses represent the predicted or observed number of day-degrees accumulated by larvae/ pupae since the start of the investigation.

• Thus, if pupae are found near the crown of trees, the standardized cocoon height value should be close to one.

• Three days after the emergence of new adults, the total number of pupae and empty pupal cases on all leaves of every plant were recorded.

• The aggressive reaction by residents decreases rapidly allowing parasites to break open opercula and extract larvae and pupae without disturbance.

• These had high variances but there was no evidence of any difference between the survival probabilities of male and female pupae.

• The number of predators surviving at the end of experiment and their transformation into subsequent-instar larvae or encased pupae (for sciomyzid larvae) were also considered.

• Successive seasons are linked through the surviving number of over-wintering larvae or pupae or, in the case of pink bollworm, individuals emerging from diapause.