For the foot, pronation will cause the sole of the foot to face more laterally than when standing in the anatomical position.
Pronation of the foot is a compound movement that combines abduction, eversion, and dorsiflexion.
However, it is not attached to the ulna medially, as the distance between these two bones varies with supination and pronation of the forearm.
Such ideas include excessive pronation of the foot, overuse injury, and inversion ankle sprains.
This movement is known as a pronation/supination test of the upper extremity.
Along with the transverse tarsal joint (i.e. talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joint), the subtalar joint transforms tibial rotation into forefoot supination and pronation.
Flat feet generally do not cause problems but may sometimes cause the foot to rotate inwards (pronation).
Shoes have been shown to significantly influence pronation.
