0 in Japan, a group of companies that are closely connected, for example because they own shares in each other, and that work together to develop and protect each other's business: --
Industries such as banking, insurance, steel, trading, manufacturing, electric, gas and chemicals are all part of the horizontal "keiretsu" web.
A keiretsu is one type of business group.
Cross-shareholding are an essential feature of keiretsu and chaebol groups.
Each bank had great control over the companies in the "keiretsu" and acted as a monitoring and emergency bail-out entity.
Each central bank had great control over the companies in the "keiretsu" and acted as a monitoring entity and as an emergency bail-out entity.
Where possible, "keiretsu" companies would also supply one another, making the alliances vertically integrated, as well.
Horizontal "keiretsu" may also have vertical relationships, called branches.
While the keiretsu still exist, they are not as centralized or integrated as they were before the 1990s.
