Exempel på keiretsu

• All three predecessors were major financial institutions in their own right and had served as cornerstones of major zaibatsu (prewar era) and keiretsu (postwar era).

• The major "keiretsu" were each centered around one bank, which lent money to the "keiretsu's" member companies and held equity positions in the companies.

• Where possible, "keiretsu" companies would also supply one another, making the alliances vertically integrated as well.

• There are two types of "keiretsu": vertical and horizontal.

• The banks at the top are not as large as normally required, so it is actually considered to be more horizontally integrated than other "keiretsu".

• Generally, these groups exhibit more top-down management, centralized control or (in the case of airline alliances) looser equity ownership connections than do true "keiretsu".

• Product diversification became an essential ingredient of the growth patterns of many keiretsu.

• While the keiretsu still exist, they are not as centralized or integrated as they were before the 1990s.

• Horizontal "keiretsu" may also have vertical relationships, called branches.

• Where possible, "keiretsu" companies would also supply one another, making the alliances vertically integrated, as well.

• Each central bank had great control over the companies in the "keiretsu" and acted as a monitoring entity and as an emergency bail-out entity.

• Each bank had great control over the companies in the "keiretsu" and acted as a monitoring and emergency bail-out entity.

• Cross-shareholding are an essential feature of keiretsu and chaebol groups.

• A keiretsu is one type of business group.

• Industries such as banking, insurance, steel, trading, manufacturing, electric, gas and chemicals are all part of the horizontal "keiretsu" web.