Each functional command specifies a grasping mode (including wrist pronation and supination) and a force level (or velocity level) associated to that grasping mode.
Pronation occurs when the ankle bone moves downward and towards the middle to create a more stable point of contact with the ground.
Hintermann states that the same person can have different amounts of pronation just by using different running shoes.
The radius and ulna (forearm bones) locked together so that there was no possibility of pronation or supination (twisting) as in human forearms.
It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm.
In pronation this is reversed, the superficial dorsal and the deep palmar ligaments are tighten.
It permits movements in three planes - extension/flexion, ulnar deviation/radial deviation, and pronation/supination - and allows complex patterns of motion under significant strain.
Shoes have been shown to significantly influence pronation.
