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However, ceiling effects make it impossible to distinguish performance on palato-alveolar and dental stops - both were identified with almost 100 % accuracy.
With respect to the variation across sounds, the alveolar fricative (/s-z/) was voiced on practically all occasions (99%), followed closely by the palato-alveolar (/1-^/).
Subjects differed mainly in the degree of voicing they exhibited with the labiodental fricative and the palato-alveolar affricate. 10.
A simple solution in the latter case is that the unrounded palato-alveolar fricative is an allophone of \s\ before palatal and palato-alveolar phonemes.
Later, the palato-alveolar fricative x changed into the velar fricative, while ch stay unchanged.
The series is much more common than the /s/ series; both are described as palato-alveolar.
Toda also has a four-way sibilant distinction, with one alveolar, one palato-alveolar, and two retroflex (apical postalveolar and subapical palatal).
It is generally only within sibilants that a palato-alveolar articulation is distinguished.
The three labialized palato-alveolar affricates are missing, which is why the total is 27 not 30.
Often, to speakers of languages or dialects that do not have the sound, it is said to have a whistling quality, and to sound similar to palato-alveolar.
Not only are all four tongue shapes represented (with the palato-alveolar appearing in the laminal closed variation), but both the palato-alveolars and alveolo-palatals can additionally appear labialized.
In certain languages nasals or laterals may be said to be palato-alveolar, but it is unclear if such sounds can be consistently distinguished from alveolo-palatals and palatalized alveolars.
