These historical and analytical perspectives combine to produce a determined faith in the viability, desirability and inherent superiority of smallholder farming.
The abandonment of the socialist development model included the dissolution of large-scale state farms, and a renewed emphasis on development of the smallholder sector.
It can be said with reasonable certainty that smallholder maize production has stagnated.
However, there are a number of challenges to operationalizing carbon-sink projects with participation by smallholders.
The paper concludes with recommendations to reduce the disadvantages that smallholders may face in capturing the opportunities offered by carbon markets.
Many smallholders do not use insecticides at all, so that they suffer significant pest-related yield losses.
Initially, at least, the growth of the smallholder population only exacerbated a situation of increasing demand for labourers and labour mobility.
Instead, agricultural capitalism, introduced into the province earlier than industrial capitalism, crowded out smallholders.
