0 if the profit from an investment is risk-adjusted, it is calculated in a way that takes account of the risk involved: --
risk-adjusted returns
In order to preserve universal financial access, these changes were typically accompanied by premium rate restrictions, open enrolment, and risk-adjusted compensation payments.
But the actual risk-adjusted reduction in liabilities would be much smaller, less than one-fifth.
This is consistent with the argument that agency costs in for-profit funds lead to significantly lower risk-adjusted performance.
We find that funds with many delegated managers have higher risk-adjusted returns than those with few.
Hospitalization costs were estimated using a relative value unit methodology and were risk-adjusted for both perioperative risk factors and changes in operating room technology.
To determine whether agency costs affect the performance of pension funds, we examine whether risk-adjusted performance, risk, returns, and expenses vary across the fund types.
The low-risk consumers pay a mandatory solidarity contribution to the solidarity fund and the high-risk consumers receive a risk-adjusted premium subsidy from the solidarity fund.
There is also a significant negative relationship between average expense ratios and risk-adjusted performance.
