What are the implications of bird predation on arthropods for cocoa crops?
Ideally, natural populations should be monitored to find out if they are negatively affected by increased predation.
We report the first quantified assessment of the potential error caused by scavenging in post-mortem measurements of predation in a slug- carabid system.
A key issue in models of predation is the ability of firms to commit to particular time paths for output or prices.
Under natural conditions, changes in behaviour regardless of their cause may predispose the paratenic host to predation.
This clearly reduces the strategic motives for cross-subsidization by eliminating traditional predation.
The attraction of both predators to the leaves containing pollen may be the reason for the lower levels of predation on the plants containing pollen.
Pupae at the three sites were placed between two layers of hardware cloth (1 cm mesh) to protect against mice and bird predation.
