Subtropical forests that are resilient when subjected to fluctuating stresses about a mean value can still be displaced by extreme environmental and cultural forces.
Thus, epiphytes can expand both the nutrient storage and absorption capacity of tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems.
The critical water potential was used to quantify the desiccation sensitivity for seeds of temperate, subtropical and tropical origin.
The results were compared with epiphytic loads in tropical, subtropical and temperate forest ecosystems.
Generalized mountain evaporation profiles for tropical and subtropical latitudes.
The relative contribution of tree-related niches to the assemblage of lianas may be important in understanding the ecology of lianas in tropical and subtropical forests.
With this understanding of forest dynamics we can manage subtropical forest tree diversity.
Both flies are notorious pests of tropical and subtropical fruits.
