Both veins and stems show fine longitudinal striae, probably representing the lignified vascular fibres.
Older, lignified internodes are seldom attacked and thus do not require defence by ants.
After shedding, the parenchymal cells become lignified and die, but the structure of both cuticle and palisade cells is retained.
They are composed largely of cellulose and are not lignified.
Seed protection: no seed protection, thick lignified seed coat.
First, they are highly lignified.
They are composed of many individual sclerenchyma fibers, each of which has primary cell walls of cellulose and hemicellulose and secondary cell walls that are heavily lignified.
Alternatively, the presence of coarse and hypercoarse scratches along with gouges and large pits suggested the ingestion of foliage and lignified portions.
