0 speaking or using only one language -- ซึ่งพูดหรือเขียนเพียงภาษาเดียว
a monolingual dictionary.
Further, quantitative measures of vocal performance (proportion of usage of well-formed syllables and vowel-like sounds) showed additional similarities between monolingual and bilingual infants.
On the possibilities of becoming a monolingual but competent speaker.
The similarity of the bilingual and monolingual outcomes can, however, be viewed positively.
Moreover, of course, if one considered "total" vocabulary (counting doublets twice and singlets once), bilinguals could be seen to exceed monolinguals dramatically in vocabulary size.
In addition to forward and backward transfer, another logically possible outcome is differentiation, with language learners performing like monolinguals in each of their two languages.
In fact, older monolingual children selected the unfamiliar object following an unfamiliar name over 90 % of the time.
In contrast to the older children's responses, however, no significant differences were found in younger monolingual and bilingual children's responses to unfamiliar objects.
Crucially, the combined amount of words produced taken from both of their languages equaled that of the monolingual child's.
