ตัวอย่าง shredder

• Green leaves enhance the growth and development of a stream macroinvertebrate shredder when senescent leaves are available.

• Thus, different successional stages were more important than the identity of leaf species in determining the distribution of shredders among the leaves.

• Leaves associated with shredders were placed individually in labelled paper bags, while the remaining leaves in the sample were placed in a separate bag.

• The 12 discs were arranged randomly in each container and a single shredder was introduced.

• Therefore, specific leaves may not be the primary level of patch structure capable of being detected by shredders.

• On the contrary, shredders actually colonized a broad range of leaf species (38 species) from several different plant families, with no apparent underlying patterns.

• Treatments were replicated 4-5 times for each of the three shredder species.

• Containers with leaf discs but no shredders served as controls and provided estimates of weight loss resulting from leaching and microbial processing.

• Shredders were distributed across a broad range of leaf species in the stream, with no leaf species being preferentially colonized by shredders.

• Removal of fungal and organic matter from decaying cordgrass leaves by shredder snails.

• After 2 d, a single shredder was introduced into each container.

• Only shredders that were firmly attached to leaves were included; typically, these leaves showed signs of shredding at the point of the animal's attachment.

• Both species constructed their cases from leaf species that were not preferred for feeding, possibly as a behavioural adaptation to prevent attacks from other shredders.

• When offered a choice between different combinations of leaf species and conditioning stage, all shredders actively sought leaves at advanced stages of conditioning, largely avoiding less conditioned or unconditioned leaves.

• Leaf preferences were similar for all shredder species, suggesting that preferences for different leaf species do not provide a mechanism for resource partitioning among the shredders.