Medical men's collective urban health reform efforts included improving water supplies and sewage and refuse removal, as well as people's general health.
There was a significant association between seropositivity and the presence of an open sewage channel running past the front of the house.
The risk for cross contamination is also increased, since water and sewage pipelines are often placed in close proximity to each other for practical reasons.
The number of samples collected depended on the size of the area and the population's access to sewage services.
Heterotrophic systems may be of different size and complexity such as an island, most cities, an oyster reef or a sewage treatment plant.
Using sewage for irrigation also damages the quality of crops.
They would also have the wherewithal to purchase bottled water, to dig private wells, and to install private sewage systems.
Courts had also forced building owners to provide adequate water and sewage facilities for health reasons.
