The fourth was a complex design (cluster-randomized) and a complex intervention-evidence-based, re-designed postnatal care-compared with the usual care provided by community midwives.
British immigrants came from a country where accoucheurs were an increasingly acceptable alternative to midwives.
Pharaonic circumcision made midwives socially indispensable, then, but their work also made them socially problematic.
Midwives play no role at all during pregnancy or the examinations preceding birth.
Eventually, of course, the sets of trained and licensed midwives would be identical.
It involved randomization of the general practices to which the midwives were attached (67).
But not all social categories of midwives were considered equally trainable.
It is often within the semantics of 'safety' that midwives and obstetricians hold widely disparate views.
