0 a tropical tree, found near water, whose twisted roots grow partly above ground: --
a mangrove swamp
In the past, clearcutting of mangroves has often occurred adjacent to roads.
Second, upland- and mangrove-rice cultivation require different levels of labor organization.
Plants surviving in stressful habitats, such as mangroves, are probably more affected by loss of leaf biomass than those surviving in favourable environments.
These were collected from different outcrops several kilometres apart, within the mangrove swamp units of the area, with a vibracorer at very shallow depth.
They have encouraged and sponsored the worldwide mapping of the plants that constitute mangrove communities.
Different kinds of mangrove forests provide different goods and services.
Under such conditions, real incomes would fall, and the demand for mangrove wood as a principal fuel source would almost surely increase.
Both white mangrove and leather fern can become dominant in disturbed areas, which may explain their increased representation.
