All the reference subjects worked in the clean areas of the plants and none were exposed to livestock or their excreta.
Pits within each of these areas were > 100 m apart and were cleaned daily to remove ox excreta.
Pathogens associated with diseases such as paratuberculosis, salmonella and cryptosporidiosis are present in wild rodent and bird excreta.
The cysts or spores in the excreta were treated in the same way.
Infection occurs through the infected saliva of the bug introduced in the act of biting, but the bug's excreta are also infective when fresh.
Transmission of bacteria by ingestion of flies or their excreta may be possible even after the flies are dead and dried out.
The silken gallery is thick and studded with numerous pellets of excreta and food grains.
Humans are thought to be infected by inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta.
