0 an election in which citizens vote directly instead of having representatives who vote for them --
1 an election in which citizens vote for themselves instead of representatives voting for them --
Just as the western states were hotbeds of other democratizing reforms, such as the initiative, referendum, and female suffrage, they likewise embraced direct election of senators.
Finally, he examines the impact on the party system of the direct election of the prime minister, a reform initiated in 1996 and repealed in 2001.
We find that the direct election of a president - whether powerful or weak - introduces a special element into electoral politics under semi-presidentialism not present in pure parliamentary systems.
Small wonder that the direct election of the prime minister was quietly relegated to the dust bin of history in the wake of the 2001 election.
To the contrary, intra-party diversity expressed on a regional or sectional basis is the key independent variable in understanding support for and opposition to the direct election of senators.
Some were so determined to get direct election of senators that they were willing to vote for the "burdened" resolution.
Again, there is more evidence to show that they felt this was a final step in formalizing direct election.
But a direct election amendment was also an opportunity.
