The values defined by equation (39) have a clear meaning only when the torsion angle is well-defined.
It can be demonstrated that this 45° angle for the strain gauges is adequate to measure torsion in circular sections.
Since both algorithms work in torsion angle space, they have many features in common.
The very small twist along the length of each tread resulting from the torsion allows the tread above to drop slightly.
Special emphasis is given to molecular dynamics in torsion angle space, the currently most efficient method for biomolecular structure calculation.
Today, however, the variable target function method has been superseded largely by the more efficient torsion angle dynamics algorithm.
This seems to be inaccessible for general finitely-generated, torsion-free, nilpotent groups.
The other assertions of the proposition follow formally as in the torsion-free case.
