0 someone who owns a smallholding
However, it was not financially attractive for smallholder farmers to intercrop compared with growing low input sole crop maize.
Research should focus on ways, including fiscal policy, to increase the attractiveness to the processing companies of relying on smallholder production.
With steadily increasing demand for palm oil, the authors suggest that a major opportunity exists for environmentally and socially sustainable expansion of smallholder production.
Where given reasonable and economically viable alternatives, smallholders respond.
This means that the results have application to other producers including the smallholders.
At the same time, there was implicit recognition of the major coordination challenges facing private investors in smallholder agriculture.
Where projects provide services relevant to several conventions, it may be possible to bundle payments to smallholders and communities.
Instead, agricultural capitalism, introduced into the province earlier than industrial capitalism, crowded out smallholders.
