Economic specialization among herders, farmers and hunter-gatherers led to different ethnic economies within inclusive cultural practices and institutions.
Though these changes affected rural areas less dramatically, farmers and herders also sought alternate sources of capital, security and distribution.
Increasing colonial presence disrupted the seasonal mobility of indigenous hunters and herders.
In total 39 per cent of all herders have undertaken at least one landimproving investment.
Older herders are expected to be less likely to migrate than their younger counterparts.
Our study tests this and uses the results to draw policy conclusions for improving the welfare of herders.
The inability to resolve herder-farmer conflicts has resulted in frequent mass movement of cattle across the borders.
Such a policy may adversely affect herders with large herds and should therefore to be considered in the light of its benefits and costs.
