Since the efficiency and performance of this technology is strongly hindered by fouling, future developments in membrane filters strive to reduce this phenomenon.
Photocatalytic oxidation of organic substrates requires an electron acceptor, light of the proper wavelength, and low concentrations of catalyst fouling agents or interfering radical scavengers.
Several epibiotic, or fouling, organisms use cockle shells as attachment substrates and even compete for space in areas where they are abundant.
Furthermore, local fisheries and the marine environment in general are affected by operational discharges (such as oil spillage), hull fouling and similar threats.
Finally, photocatalytic oxidation of the desired species may be inhibited by the presence of catalyst fouling agents and radical scavengers.
This necessitated regular cleaning to remove fouling material.
A fully automated "single-strand" test cell is employed to determine the most fouling-resistant plasma modification method.
The long nozzle was made in order to prevent the plate from fouling the acoustic damping material on the rig a t the smaller angles of inclination.
