Exempel på underfunding

• The district has faced decades of underfunding, and many of its students come from families who live in poverty.

• This has led to a systemic underfunding of the nutritional needs of these people for nearly 4 decades.

• They want action to deal with historic underfunding of the border region and they want it now.

• The city's pension deficit is attributable to underfunding dating back many years.

• He cited intentional underfunding of the employee pension fund.

• The police suffered from poor motivation, underfunding, low and irregular pay, and lack of training and basic equipment.

• In particular, we find that guarantee funds may promote underfunding instead of reducing it.

• In equilibrium, there is no underfunding of pensions even in the absence of tax incentives to fund pensions.

• Awareness of the nation's need for immigrants was great, resulting in underfunding of selective programs and support for those that encouraged immigration.

• In the context of pension funds, the extent of shortfall aversion is influenced by the fund's flexibility in a situation of underfunding.

• Our motivation for pension guarantee funds was based upon underfunding, which was itself a consequence of capital market imperfections.

• The third force is the asymmetry regarding asset disposals between underfunding and overfunding under the current law.

• From this viewpoint, underfunding does not necessarily expose workers to any risk.

• Secondly, the past few years with historically low stock returns have shown that pension funds do get in a situation of underfunding.

• In fact, by using appropriate spreads, one can eliminate a large fraction of eventual underfunding.

• By 1998 a rising stock market apparently lowered the level of underfunding to $49 billion.

• Pension plans where pensions are indexed to inflation run the risk of underfunding due to inflationary pressure, which pushes up pensions.

• He began tactfully by reviewing the past and blaming some previous problems on the underfunding of the inter-war years.

• For the rest of this paper, we take l=110, representing a 1 % probability of underfunding.

• At funding ratios below 100 %, stock investments increase in the extent of underfunding.