Exempel på metatarsus

• During virtual stepping, the robots were attached to the metatarsus, which yielded more consistent stepping than attaching to the toes or lower shank.

• The tendency toward in-phase hopping on the virtual treadmill may be related in part to inertial loading of the metatarsus during swing by the robot.

• The virtual treadmill configuration was similar, but with the conveyor removed and the robots attached to the rat's metatarsus.

• In the virtual treadmill configuration, the robots were attached at the metatarsus, and the rats stepped on a haptically simulated treadmill.

• Attachment to the metatarsus and lower shank was achieved using the same small cuffs as for the physical treadmill.

• It was found that stepping was difficult to elicit with the toe or lower shank attachment locations, but that the rats could step with the robots attached at the metatarsus.

• However, the hindlimb joint trajectories of the rat are such that the metatarsus moves through a greater distance horizontally and vertically than the lower shank during stepping.

• This allows support to be placed where necessary, especially in the forefoot (metatarsus and toes) and heel.

• This gives lasting correction of the forefoot, preventing metatarsus adductus and foot inversion.

• They are found mainly on the toes and metatarsus, but may be found further up on the ankle in some birds.

• The short metatarsus and foot strength, however, would have been more similar to that of owls.

• A warty tubercle is found just before the junction of the thigh and shank (sub-articular tubercle) and two moderate ones are on the shank (metatarsus).

• The anterior legs have three pairs of long spines on the ventral surface of the tibia and two pairs of spines on the metatarsus.

• The plantar (lower) surface of the metatarsus is naked.

• Interestingly, protofeathers were also found on the metatarsus (upper part of the foot).