Exempel på leakage

• Let us suppose that the proportion of any additional income absorbed as leakages is 0.6.

• The more leakages dependent on of the income multiplier.

• Leakages of saving, taxation, and imports will fall as income declines until once again total leakages equal total injections.

• When leakages absorb 60 per cent of any additional income, therefore, the value of the multiplier is 1.67.

• We also admit that the sum of all leakages as defined here over all the countries of the world need not be zero.

• There is no evidence that the existing small leakages adversely affected the test results, but this aspect of the design should be improved in future work.

• Since leakages are assumed to be related to income, and injections are assumed exogenous, then variations in income equate total income and expenditure flows in the circular flow model.

• A similar effect takes place when the government changes the rate at which taxation is levied because such changes alter the proportion of additional income which is absorbed by leakages.

• As regards the consumer subsidies on food crops and water and electricity, they were not confined to low-income groups, and there were considerable leakages to middle- and upper-income groups.

• The management of the economy through fiscal policy is assisted by the multiplier which magnifies any injection of expenditures or leakages of income into or out of the circular flow.

• The process will continue, and with each stage the amount of income passed on to others in the circular flow will be reduced by leakages of taxation, saving, and imports.

• A more sealed lid should be considered for future developments, as small leakages could have adversely balanced many pressure gradients, and inhibited attachment of the fluid jet.

• The major issue was not to win converts but to stem leakage.

• The fear of high leakage in forest options, often neglected in energy options, is consistently put forward to block these opportunities.

• While an effectively applied means-tested benefit could be regarded as more cost-efficient for poverty prevention, avoiding leakages to the ' non-poor', its comparative advantage for distributional purposes is less clear.