Exempel på ionization

• It is based on the amount of ionization produced in a standard volume of air by X-rays.

• Critics say these ionization alarms are also too quick to sense cooking smoke.

• a flame ionization detector

• Ionization may be caused by firing light or electrons on to atoms, or by passing an electric spark through gas.

• An interesting lack of uniqueness occurs in the case of flows past purely magnetic obstacles if the ionization is produced in a bow shock.

• Supersonic ionization wave driven by radiation transport in a short-pulse laser-produced plasma.

• The presence of the diamagnetic current requires a certain degree of ionization.

• Furthermore, the recombination in the presence of a neutral body (wall) is important at a low degree of ionization.

• Finally, we also observe that the electron temperature at breakdown decreases as the second ionization coefficient and the cathode increases.

• The screening length decreases with ionization and the difference does not exceed 20%.

• Ionization of atoms in an alternating electric field.

• Because at this distance the laser spot is large, the corresponding laser intensity and the electronic plasma temperature are low and the ionization is minimal.

• For these experiments, an ion beam with a 2-mm diameter aligned exactly to the channel axis was used to prepare the ionization channel.

• The ionization and dissociation process is enhanced when the molecular axis is oriented along the laser polarization direction.

• So are the profiles of the ionization front.

• We found prominent ionization dynamics which evolve transiently in the solid through multiple stages.

• We found a prominent ionization dynamics which evolves through multiple time scales.

• The ionization 0 dissociation mechanism can be studied by observing the fragmentation patterns in the mass spectra obtained.

• The number densities of the ionized species is usually computed in terms of the ionization rate of the cosmic rays.