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Furnace annealing is much better and consists in heating the piece in a furnace to the critical temperature and then allowing the work and the furnace to cool together.
Here, too, there were no seas, for the temperature was above the critical temperature of water, and only in the self-cooling bodies of these men and in the trees which similarly cooled themselves, could there be liquid.
Its critical temperatures will be located at slightly different heats than for a steel which has a different proportion of alloying elements.
The critical temperatures are the proper ones for annealing as well as hardening.
This condition implies that at the critical temperature the magnitude of the initial order parameter does not exceed its value at the superconducting state at temperature absolute zero.
Tempering is accomplished by controlled heating of the quenched work-piece to a temperature below its lower critical temperature.
Both types of motion occur because metal first expands in a fire, and then softens once the critical temperature has been reached, as is explained under structural steel.
A rough estimate of the critical temperature was possible either with experience or on the basis of some trial runs made with larger temperature steps.
This behavior of magnetic systems below a critical temperature is an example of collective behavior.
Scaling coupling energies by the critical temperature gives a universal phase diagram, for systems falling into the universality class of backbone-entropy-driven unfolding as discussed previously.
Convective instability analyses are useful in all three cases to predict the critical temperature gradient above which motion occurs.
We used such a steep gradient so that the relatively large critical temperature difference across the slot could be measured with greater accuracy.
Melting starts at nucleation sites when reaches the critical temperature 0 at these points, and a mush forms.
It is seen that the effect of a variable v is to lower the critical temperature gradient and diminish the corresponding values of k2 + 12.
Above a critical temperature gradient this conducting solution becomes linearly unstable and a convecting state is observed.
We assume that the sample is cooled to a critical temperature with an applied field of appropriate strength.
A linearized convective instability analysis predicts the critical temperature gradient when only the magnetic mechanism is important, as well as when both the magnetic and buoyancy mechanisms are operative.
At a critical temperature, the latter becomes so strong that the interaction between the particles is effectively overcome, and a phase transition occurs from the ordered into the disordered phase.
The improved model provides critical temperature of alkali metals in agreement with other experiments, but is unable to predict accurate values for the critical volume and pressure.
