0 present participle of confound
1 to confuse and very much surprise someone, so that they are unable to explain or deal with a situation:
An elderly man from Hull has confounded doctors by recovering after he was officially declared dead.
The singer confounded her critics with a remarkable follow-up album.
Random assignment would ensure that all unmeasured confounding factors were equally distributed between comparison groups.
However, these studies have not been of sufficient size to account adequately for the role of confounding factors.
Failure to consider confounding variables such as age.
Samples from animals 5 months old were not used, to avoid confounding with maternal antibodies.
A final potential confounding factor in the present study was overall severity of illness in manic versus depressed patients.
To control for confounding a multivariate analysis was performed by the use of logistic regression.
Methods for minimizing the confounding effects of word length in the analysis of phonotactic probability and neighborhood density.
Logistic regression was then applied to obtain maximumlikelihood estimates of the effect of exposures on the outcome of interest whilst controlling for confounding.
