An additive effect is when predation by two predators is equal to the sum of prey removed by each individual predator alone.
Rare observations of important events such as birth, predation, innovation, and teaching can be vitally important in directing research toward potentially important areas.
They suggested that the degree of bruchid predation was positively related to seed crop size (3).
Parasite-induced alterations in both appearance and behaviour concur to render infected gammarids more vulnerable to predation, thus promoting parasite transmission.
Timing and degree of synchrony in fruit maturation and dispersal were not important sources of variation in predation levels among trees.
We also compared predation across three microhabitats of different heights (ground, 1- 1.5 m and > 3 m).
These areas may also be refugia from predation by leopard seals, which we found living primarily in near-shore habitats.
Pupae at the three sites were placed between two layers of hardware cloth (1 cm mesh) to protect against mice and bird predation.
