We conducted both analytic and simulation studies of artificial selection experiments in which effective population size (less than the number of surviving offsprings at each generation) is at least 100.
What is new and important is that the present findings showed that parental cognitions also have an indirect contribution in a behavior such as gambling via offspring's cognitions.
Will the parents of those children opting out of team games at 14 be expected to pay for their offspring's new enthusiasms?
I have certainly had letters from supportive parents who have had to face this fact about their offspring's sexuality.
Many would rather stay ignorant of their offspring's action, because their ignorance covers up for their own moral inadequacies and misdemeanours.
In many cases, the children would benefit and parents would feel that their children were not being treated as second-class offsprings.
The hypothesis of genetically-based trade-offs in offspring performance on different hosts has been proposed but this has rarely been demonstrated.
Right now the only hereditary relationship between parents and offspring is replication.
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(動物的)幼崽,崽獸, (人的)後代,子女,子嗣…
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