After determining that classes of nicotine withdrawal exist, understanding the etiology of withdrawal can be enhanced by applying behavior genetic modeling to the latent classes.
Thus, the onset of nicotine dependence refers to the age at which multiple symptoms occurred, as opposed to the age at the earliest symptom.
Often, they were advised on single aspects such as nicotine replacement therapy or smokeless tobacco.
First, we sought to determine if classes of nicotine withdrawal were best characterized by a severity continuum or by qualitatively distinct symptom profiles.
Questions relating to both smoking and nicotine dependence referred to the respondent's situation at the time of interview.
These results are consistent with the concept that continuance of smoking may relate to the severity of nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms experienced.
Prenatal nicotine exposure modifies behavior of mice through early development.
However, it is important to remember that maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy has other consequences in addition to prenatal nicotine exposure.
