0 a word taken from one language and translated in a literal or word for word way to be used in another:
With respect to the lexicon, there are calques or loan translations, particularly among verbs.
To this effect, he reduces the typology of transfer to the following categories: adoption, replacement, elimination, functional calque, restructuring, amplification, and reduction.
There are marked differences in cultural and lexical knowledge, as well as in the amount of syntactic calques, between representatives of different generations.
The table indicates that calques are relatively more utilized by younger subjects (3.91%) than older subjects (2%).
A loan translation, also called a calque, is the result of a process in which each morpheme or word is translated by the equivalent morpheme or word in another language.
Only calques may involve structural interference as well, and they do so when the complex source-language structure is structurally different from receiving-language structure and the calque preserves the source-language pattern.
Code-switching is distinct from other language contact phenomena, such as borrowing, pidgins and creoles, loan translation (calques), and language transfer (language interference).
Cases are still occasionally used productively as deliberate archaisms, which are often calques of existing phrases.
