0 the backward movement of waves, or the backward movement of water caused by something, such as a boat, passing through it:
The waterskier was caught in the backwash from a motorboat.
Big business was especially multinational in operation; small firms were increasingly backwashed by that activity in local areas.
Once the backwash step is formed, the flow separates a t the lower edge of the step, and another separation vortex is there induced.
The vortex is shown in figure 4; the sawdust on the flat bed was lifted up by the backwash vortex, not by the breaker.
The results so far described indicate that a step such as shown in figure 1 is formed due to the backwash vortex.
Most designs typically employ backwashing once per day of operation.
Relaxation and backwashing effectiveness will decrease with operation time as more irreversible fouling accumulates on the membrane surface.
By contrast with the backwash effects of out-migration, there are also potential positive or ' spread ' effects that need to be taken account of.
Reversible fouling can be removed by a strong shear force or backwashing.
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