Примеры guild

• It was a significant political problem especially for the guilds, because in their view it was a severe encroachment on their corporate liberties.

• There, he had created voluntary guilds to alleviate the artisan's distress due to the introduction of freedom of trade.

• One group that disliked debasements included the guild members, shopkeepers, small merchants, and wage-earning artisans.

• A large overlap existed between the guild members and the janissaries after the latter began to moonlight as artisans and shopkeepers in the 17th century.

• The species responding to baits represent a relatively small sample of the meliponine guild, and may be biased to include foraging generalists, rather than specialists.

• Notions of the liberty of guilds, burghers and even migrants remained an obstacle.

• Only those with influence in the city, guild and parish were handed keys, and only a few keys opened each chest or door.

• Nevertheless, differences in guild policies were considerable, and hence also the ways husbands and wives cooperated in the urban market trades.