Примеры guild

• It was a significant political problem especially for the guilds, because in their view it was a severe encroachment on their corporate liberties.

• There, he had created voluntary guilds to alleviate the artisan's distress due to the introduction of freedom of trade.

• One group that disliked debasements included the guild members, shopkeepers, small merchants, and wage-earning artisans.

• A large overlap existed between the guild members and the janissaries after the latter began to moonlight as artisans and shopkeepers in the 17th century.

• The species responding to baits represent a relatively small sample of the meliponine guild, and may be biased to include foraging generalists, rather than specialists.

• Notions of the liberty of guilds, burghers and even migrants remained an obstacle.

• Only those with influence in the city, guild and parish were handed keys, and only a few keys opened each chest or door.

• Nevertheless, differences in guild policies were considerable, and hence also the ways husbands and wives cooperated in the urban market trades.

• For the overall feeding guild and body mass niche matrix, 14 of the 21 cells are occupied by more than one species.

• These surveys highlight the existence of a rich natural enemy guild that is keeping the pest in check in its natural habitat.

• Seasonal variation of foraging niches in a guild of passerine birds in a cork-oak woodland.

• But the attitudes of the guilds towards illicit work, and accordingly the significance they attached to this problem, changed noticeably over time.

• Although assigning parasite species to guilds remains highly speculative, acanthocephalans and cestodes, as absorbers, are interpreted here as members of the same feeding guild.

• It was not paying enough to be taken up by specialist weavers and thus subjected to guild-like barriers.

• The two dominant guilds were detritivores and predators, together comprising approximately 80% of the animal assemblages.