0 a male poet and singer who travelled around southern France and northern Italy between the 11th and 13th centuries entertaining rich people --
The troubadour word refrain easily becomes a locus for experimentation.
Haines writes a chronologically ordered history of troubadours and trouveres while focusing on écriture, on the perception and writing down of music.
One thing it is not is old music: ' it's the music of the time and of the troubadour, true folk music'.
The purpose of his article was, of course, to demonstrate that this new interpretation of troubadour and trouvere melodies was wrong.
We do not have enough early troubadour melodies, and none written down at the moment these troubadours flourished, to make full comparisons.
The frequency of refrain words in troubadour song as compared to versus can in part be explained by certain aspects of versification.
The issue at hand is the detailed proof that troubadour and trouvere repertories have always been objects of thought and scrutiny.
The troubadours, who have a prominent place both in traditional medieval music study and in popular culture, illustrate this well.
