The broad stingray feeds mainly on bottom-dwelling crustaceans, while also taking polychaete worms and small bony fishes.
The chupare stingray is taken as bycatch by artisanal and commercial fisheries using nets and hook-and-line, and also serves as a subsistence food source.
Due to its low reproductive rate, the giant freshwater stingray is not resilient to anthropogenic pressures.
The ribbontail is rounder with brighter blue and more vivid spots, but the bluespotted stingray is larger.
Stingray is in production and the first batch of torpedoes has been delivered.
As with stingray spines, the vast majority of these remains (6 of 7 deposits, 92.5% of all spines) came from interior deposits, indicative of private ritual.
The act of per forating or lacerating with a reasonably fresh stingray spine in a ritual context would thus result in the poisoning of the individual.
Stingray venom is most toxic in a live stingray, and when removed from the animal, it begins to lose its virulence.
