We suggest that the replenishing magma responsible for two of the three eruptions in the period 1939-1941 was significantly wetter than that responsible for the later 1950 eruption.
However, for magma emplaced into an open-system magma chamber, an additional control on the dihedral angle population is the timing of overturn and breakup of the replenishing layer.
Mineralisation of nutrients from decomposing organic matter is the main process replenishing available nutrient pools, but microbial activity is impeded in the continuously cold, waterlogged soils.
Each lava flow has a distinct population of partially-crystalline mafic enclaves, which we propose were derived from the break-up of a layer of replenishing magma responsible for triggering the eruption.
This is mainly due to the mining of groundwater aquifers without improving the replenishing mechanisms.
The growth rate depends on the reaction coefficients and the source term replenishing the substrate, from which new monomers can grow.
While negative externalities are associated with the extraction of the resource, positive externalities are associated with resource investments in replenishing groundwater.
One way of minimizing the externalities (mainly horizontal) is to strengthen the resource base, that is, replenishing groundwater through rainwater harvesting.
