This study produced no clear findings on what variables are of influence on whether consultation takes place before refusing a request.
Second, and more basically, calling treatment futile is never, by itself, a justification for refusing treatment.
An expectation that a patient would not adhere with necessary post-transplant therapy is a good reason for refusing to allocate a transplant organ.
If researchers tried to gain these subjects' consent, the combination of those refusing, dead, nonlocatable, and not responding would make the data set scientifically unacceptable.
For women refusing this therapeutic option, special care can be taken to permit a satisfactory outcome, as described in this report.
For instance, agreeing and refusing can be expressed gesturally by nodding or shaking one's head.
To prevent insurers from refusing to contract (or renew a contract) with high-risk individuals, governments may complement premium rate restrictions with an open enrolment requirement.
By refusing to become like the evildoers, however, a danger of neither forgiving nor forgetting, one opens and expands one's human capacities for moral growth.
