Yet, by the 1760s and 1770s, bailtean were being removed to make way for high rent paying cattle and sheep ranching.
On the other hand, our study indicates that cattle ranching may be far more compatible with wild ungulates.
Commercial logging, urban sprawl, livestock ranching, and other activities are likewise of considerable importance, but lie beyond the scope of this paper.
The net economic returns for the different land use combinations presented above are largely positive, with only smallholder ranching achieving returns of less than $1,000 hectare.
The economic value of commercial livestock ranching (to society as a whole) was generally found to be low but positive.
If these failures exist, then by implication the economic returns to ranching are not adequately reflected in the previous equation.
By contrast, ranching contributed an average 46 per cent of farm income, with a mean herd size of 32 head (23 animal units).
Commercial livestock ranching systems (which replaced the wild herds and are barely a hundred years old) produce meat, hides and fiber.
