In coastal ecosystems the first intermediate hosts of digenetic trematodes are mostly littoral gastropod molluscs.
When not actually submerged, the soils of the littoral zone are unprotected from extremes of climate, including the direct impact of sunshine and rainfall.
Information from littoral communities at higher latitudes suggests that shorter life cycles are favoured in harsh environments.
In terms of conservation, heterogeneous seed transport is particularly important for this severely degraded littoral forest.
Many societies within 60 miles of the littoral were thus marginal suppliers of captives in these years.
They are widespread microbes of the marine littoral, and have been found in numerous terrestrial and freshwater habitats.
The dichotomy might also represent differences in food chain lengths between the two environments, with shorter food chains in harsher littoral habitats.
In other parts, land emergence amounted to around 10 m, and the chances of finding shells of sub-littoral molluscs are thus small.
