0 an atom or small group of atoms that has an electrical charge because it has added or lost one or more electrons
2 an atom that has a positive or negative electrical charge as the result of adding or taking away an electron
The plume density is about 7.7 10 20 ions 0m 3.
Analytical description of rippling effect and ion acceleration in plasma produced by a short laser pulse.
Entry and exit of ions into the simulation region can be represented as a first-order process.
Here, cos represents the radial dispacement of the passing ion.
The maximum position of the bremsstrahlung radiation cross-section gets closer to the target ion with increasing nonideal-plasma parameter.
In this process, the energy absorbed by the electrons during the interaction with the laser pulse is converted into both radiation and ion kinetic energy.
Characteristics of ion emission from plasma produced by high-energy short-wavelength (438 nm) laser radiation.
In order to define a radius for the ion one needs a constant value for the radius of the water.
