Assumptions about hearers' views could be based on things they have said before.
An oral tradition can and will adapt from one generation to the next, repeating its content in a form more readily accessible to the hearers.
Linguistic performances may therefore either transmit meaning or fail to transmit meaning, depending on whether the patterns are sufficiently familiar to the hearer or reader.
There is a hard centre of otherness that deflects the hearer's projections.
Furthermore, they play an important pragmatic role in the verbal interaction associated with negotiation between speaker and hearer.
The additional information which may be given to help the hearer understand the sentence, the background, is in the post verbal or sentence final position.
Consider simple mistakes on the part of hearers in performing the pragmatic processes of reference assignment and disambiguation.
Second, noun countability is another important factor in the appropriate choice of articles, as are referent specificity and hearer's knowledge.
