Voorbeelden van ostracism

• The children had to deal with the heartbreak of ostracism and ridicule.

• Bankrupts often have to face the ostracism of their friends.

• Converts to other religions continue to experience social ostracism.

• Just as ostracism can slow economic growth, demands for methodological "correctness" can slow scientific progress.

• Although leaving the community brought no formal sanctions against the individual, informal social sanctions like ostracism or refused re-admittance were possibilities.

• Thus, a trade union might offer discounts on holidays to its members, and threaten non-members with ostracism.

• The interviewees did not identify these incidents as outright or blatant rudeness, ostracism or deliberate mistreatment.

• Faced with ostracism in the workplace, restaurants and public buildings, smokers might decide to abandon cigarettes.

• Apart from guild-related religious exclusions, illegitimates suffered from individual religious ostracism.

• Furthermore, 'a few clients suffered severe ostracism by their families when they found out'.

• Fans undergo a high degree of social ostracism from those who do not support their interest.

• In discussing their experiences, all women indicated incidences of ostracism, disapproval and ill-treatment of one sort or another and from at least one other person.

• Neither formal rules nor informal sanctions such as social ostracism or socially defined gender roles should hinder participation.

• Steps such as ostracism, boycotts, loss of employment, and public denunciation could be used against those who broke the law, as could a variety of self-help measures, such as vendettas.

• It acts as a protection against racism and social ostracism but also gives sense and value to a life by facilitating differing forms of cultural expression and social engagement.

• Statements about one's reliability increase the cost of cheating, since later violation of the commitment brings down more ostracism and punishment - a second and independent violation of a norm.

• Rather, the pathologies of a rent-based political economy, political ostracism and the social marginalisation of wide parts of the populace have caused political and economic power to fracture.

• Not only was social ostracism inevitable, but couples seeking to self-arrange marriages were forced to renounce any legal claims to membership of their respective religious faiths.