Voorbeelden van fistula

• More rarely the supply can be via an aortopulmonary window, the fifth aortic arch, or fistulas between the coronary and pulmonary arteries.

• Therefore, the study was interpreted as positive for pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas whenever echo contrast was seen to fill the left atrium from the pulmonary veins.

• Furthermore, the unknown vasodilator may flow to the systemic arteries without metabolization, and may induce systemic fistulas in similar fashion.

• Percutaneous transcatheter occlusion of coronary artery fistulas using detachable balloons.

• The third patient was alive 6 years after detection of the pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas in spite of severe cyanosis.

• They had high output fistulas and long periods of drainage.

• Instead, they pass directly to the lungs, the heart and the other organs, then stimulating the formation of arteriovenous fistulas.

• In the 4 patients in whom contrast echocardiography showed no early left atrial contrast, invasive investigation failed to reveal fistulas.

• Of cases in the literature, about one-twentieth have bilateral fistulas, which is consistent with our series.

• This is excacerbated by the intense postoperative catabolic state and the huge loss of proteins and immunoglobulins through the fistula.

• In contrast to the multiplanar technique, angiography hardly opacified the fistulas, presumably due to high flow of blood within the fistulas.

• This patient had a massive coronary-cameral fistula, another example of a coronary circulation that is right ventricular-dependent.

• All showed features suggestive of coronary arterial fistulas as evidenced by abnormal flow at high velocity into the recipient chamber or vessel.

• A residual fistula was found between the left coronary artery and the right ventricle.

• In the course of the disease, up to 50% of patients develop intestinal complications such as fistulas and abscesses (16).