Voorbeelden van externality

• As industrial production has fallen so have associated negative externalities, leading to reductions in air, water, soil, and noise pollution.

• Also, research work on appropriate mechanisms for internalization of various externalities tends to focus on internalization design at an aggregate production level.

• Adding externalities, or other realistic features of the natural capital aggregate, would presumptively complicate the system's dynamics.

• However, it represents a more realistic scenario for providing correlated local and global environmental externalities from the local perspective.

• Economically, they are the solutions of a problem for a global planner who wants to provide both global and local stock externalities efficiently.

• Production of the externality, in turn, is influenced by wage employment opportunities downstream.

• The impact ranges of environmental stock externalities can be either local or global and the dissipation rates of these stock externalities vary dramatically.

• Our paper addresses the question of how the pension formula has to be adapted in order to incorporate the externalities in some sense of optimality.

• These systems have diversity in time because producers must manage externalities that change.

• Examples of externalities include negative environmental effects such as pollution and the unsustainable depletion of natural resources.

• Along alternative paths, externality avoidance generates a self-reinforcing incentive that pulls labour away from the externality-producing activity.

• The sub-game perfect equilibrium extraction paths (and payoffs) of the closed-loop solution incorporate both the stock and strategic externality.

• Along one set of paths, externalities reinforce incentives to engage in externality-producing activities.

• The model demonstrates how, in the presence of externalities and feedbacks, payments to upland workers could produce income gains for both upland and lowland households.

• A simulation is used to study the impact of environmental payments to upland households in exchange for allocating labour away from the externality-producing activity.