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These side effects consisted of runaway dyskinesias and dystonia - defined as involuntary movements in the absence of oral dopaminergic therapy.
It is an effective anti emetic in migraine and is less likely than metoclopramide to cause sedation or acute dystonia.
Smaller doses led to fear and staring, whereas larger doses produced prolonged severe dystonia, especially after haloperidol.
There was unmistakable relief about the fact that patients are no longer plagued by the symptoms of parkinsonism, akathisia or acute dystonia.
Axial rigidity and cervical dystonia can present considerable resistance, but it is an essential part of the examination if there is any suggestion of restriction of the eye movements.
It can be present without a known cause (primary or idiopathic dystonia), or may be secondary to events such as trauma, anoxia or metabolic, toxic or pharmacologic insults.
The new treatment modality of botulinum toxin can make a significant impact on the quality of life of older patients with tremor, dystonia (particularly blepharospasm), and other involuntary movement.
Neuroleptic-induced akarhibia and dystonia triggered by alcohol.
The approach to treatment of dystonia is usually three-tiered, involving oral medications, botulinum toxin injections in small, safe doses and, in some cases, surgery.
The role of genetic factors in dystonia has been the focus of research over the last decade in a number of countries.
Instead, the diagnosis of dystonia rests solely on the information from the affected individual and the physical and neurological examination.
It is important to note that, to date, no test to confirm diagnosis of dystonia has been developed.
The cause of dystonia is unknown and there is not, currently, an effective cure.
Although dystonia is not fatal, it is a chronic disorder and prognosis is difficult to predict.
Therefore, correctly to diagnose dystonia, doctors must be able to recognise the physical signs and be familiar with the symptoms.
